It was recently observed that dehydration causes shrinkage of brain tissue and an associated increase in ventricular volume. Negative effects of dehydration on cognitive performance have been shown in some but not all studies. However, the effects of dehydration on brain function are unknown.

This paper aims to summarise and clarify the evidence about how the body controls water balance, the relative of various sources of fluid effects on hydration and health, and current data on fluid intakes.

The alcohol hangover develops when blood alcohol concentration (BAC) returns to zero and is characterized by a feeling of general misery that may last more than 24 h. It comprises a variety of symptoms including drowsiness, concentration problems, dry mouth, dizziness, gastro-intestinal complaints, sweating, nausea, hyper-excitability, and anxiety.

Alcohol hangover is characterized by adverse physical and mental effects that occur the next morning after the intake of toxic doses of alcohol. This phenomenon is a very frequent experience among alcohol-consuming people and it has been associated to high socio-economic costs, mainly due to absenteeism and poor performance in academic and work settings.

Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), particularlycarbonated soft drinks, may be a key contributor to the epidemic of overweight and obesity, by virtue of these beverages' high added sugar content, low satiety, and incomplete compensation for total energy. Whether an association exists between SSB intake and weight gain is unclear.

A prospoective, observational analysis. The rising prevalence of obesity in children has been linked in part to the consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks. (SSBs: Sugar-sweetened beverages)

Pre-meal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in older but not younger subjects. In an effort to curtail progression of the obesity epidemic, much research has focused on identifying strategies to reduce meal energy intake, thereby preventing energy overconsumption and subsequent weight gain. One such strategy is to modify perceptions of hunger and fullness before a meal by consumption of a "preload" food or beverage.

Water consumption reduces energy intake at breakfast meal in obese older adults. Water consumed before a meal has been found to reduce energy intake among nonobese older adults. However, it is unknown whether this effect is evident among overweight and obese older adults, a population who would benefit from strategies to improve energy intake regulation. Our purpose was to determine whether premeal water consumption reduces meal energy intake in overweight and obese older adults.

Impact of change in sweetened caloric beverage consumption on energy intake among children and adolescents. SSBs alone can contribute to more than 10% of total energy consumed. Replacing these liquid calories with calorie-free beverage alternatives therefore represents a key strategy to eliminate excess calories and to prevent obesity in childhood.

Athletes and researchers could benefit from a simple and universally accepted technique to determine whether humans are well-hydrated, euhydrated, or hypohydrated.

This investigation evaluated the validity and sensitivity of urine color (Ucol), specific gravity (Usg), and osmolality (Uosm) as indices of hydration status, by comparing them to changes in body water.

It is difficult to describe hydration status and hydration extremes because fluid intakes and excretion patterns of free-living individuals are poorly documented and regulation of human water balance is complex and dynamic.

Water consumption acutely reduces meal energy intake (EI) among middle-aged and older adults.